How to involve society into the ethics of non-invasive brain stimulation?

Research and use of emerging neurotechnologies raise challenging ethical questions. We argue that a broad societal inclusion of different groups is needed in neuroethical deliberations which poses methodological challenges. Three requirements for participatory processes in the field of neuroethics include: (i) Integration of different types of knowledge, (ii) Debate about potential futures of neurotechnologies, and (iii) Balancing of technical-medical and societal-social concerns. One approach to meet these requirements is a "design-based and co-creative" participatory process. The approach ensures that all project interactions are easily accessible and relevant to all stakeholders and go beyond a survey of stakeholder opinions. Development and explication of ethical issues is consequently no longer a matter of small groups of specialists but systematically organized among the engagements of different stakeholder groups.