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  4. Understanding Energy Demand of the Tertiary Sector by Energy Carriers and End-Uses: An Integrated Bottom-Up and Top-Down Model Taking Germany as the Example
 
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2024
Journal Article
Title

Understanding Energy Demand of the Tertiary Sector by Energy Carriers and End-Uses: An Integrated Bottom-Up and Top-Down Model Taking Germany as the Example

Abstract
Despite its high share in national energy demand, the tertiary sector is an undifferentiated residual in the energy balances of most countries. To develop effective policy measures for enhancing energy efficiency, policymakers need a sound understanding of how the energy demand is structured. To date, only a few studies assess energy demand in the tertiary sector quantitatively. This paper aims to close this gap by introducing an integrated model that transparently breaks down the energy demand according to statistical subsectors, energy carriers and end-uses. The model combines a technology-based bottom-up with a top-down approach and applies it to a case study on Germany based on survey data from companies. Model validity is analyzed using a set of indicators. The results for Germany show that the model is consistent with the national energy balance showing an aggregate deviation of only 1%. The results for 2019 indicate that electricity demand in Germany’s tertiary sector is dominated by lighting (35%), information and communication technologies (33%) and the provision of mechanical energy (9%), while fuel demand is mainly due to space heating (78%), followed by mechanical energy (15%).
Author(s)
Arnold-Keifer, Sonja  orcid-logo
Fraunhofer-Institut für System- und Innovationsforschung ISI  
Hirzel, Simon  orcid-logo
Fraunhofer-Institut für System- und Innovationsforschung ISI  
Rohde, Clemens  orcid-logo
Fraunhofer-Institut für System- und Innovationsforschung ISI  
Journal
Energies  
Open Access
File(s)
Arnold-Keifer_et_al_2024_Understanding Energy Demand of the Tertiary Sector by Energy Carriers and End-Uses.pdf (1.34 MB)
Rights
CC BY 4.0: Creative Commons Attribution
DOI
10.3390/en17174486
10.24406/publica-3664
Language
English
Fraunhofer-Institut für System- und Innovationsforschung ISI  
Keyword(s)
  • Tertiary sector

  • Service sector

  • Energy end-use

  • Energy demand model

  • Energy consumption

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