Simulation of the reflection of a high energy laser beam at the sea surface for hazard and risk analyses

The application of a high energy laser beam in a maritime scenario necessitates a laser safety concept to prevent injury to personnel or uninvolved third parties from uncontrolled reflections of laser light from the sea surface. Therefore, it is crucial to have knowledge of the amount and direction of reflected laser energy, which varies statistically and depends largely on the dynamics of the wavy sea surface. These dynamics are primarily influenced by wind speed, wind direction, and fetch. An analytical model is presented for calculating the time-averaged spatial intensity distribution of the laser beam reflected at the dynamic sea surface. The model also identifies the hazard areas inside which laser intensities exceed a fixed exposure limit. Furthermore, as far as we know, our model is unique in its ability to calculate the probabilities of potentially eye-damaging glints for arbitrary observer positions, taking into account the slope statistics of gravity waves. This is a critical first step toward an extensive risk analysis. The simulation results are presented on a hemisphere of observer positions with fixed radii from the laser spot center. The advantage of the analytical model over our numeric (dynamic) model is its fast computation time. A comparison of the results of our new analytical model with those of the previous numerical model is presented.