Smart Transformer Use in Net-Zero Energy Factories

The integration of renewable energy in the electrical grid represents a challenge for system operators. To balance the volatility of energy generated by resources, such as wind and solar power plants, new flexibility options are necessary for safe grid operations. Due to the high investment costs and the high space that is demanded, energy storage systems might not be the only one solutions to increase the flexibility of the power grid. In this context, the concept of Net Zero Energy Factories might offer a significant contribution to the system operators. In Europe about 11% of factories (mostly small and medium enterprises) produce partially own electricity by solar energy. In almost all the cases, the generated electricity is fed into the grid. If they were operated as Net Zero Energy Factories, the generated electricity would be not more fed into the grid, but could be optimally consumed locally, smoothing also further power volatility for power systems operators. Within the Net Zero Energy Factories framework, realized also as a DC grid, the use of Smart Transformer represents a further efficient flexibility option. This study aims to point out the main characteristics of Net Zero Energy Factories and gives detailed information about the use of Smart Transformer to increase the flexibility options set.