Producing single phase fast pyrolysis condensates from straw by staged condensation

Fast pyrolysis crude bio-oils from straw spontaneously decompose into two phases: a tarry-like phase at the bottom and an aqueous phase on top. In this phase separation process water content in the bio-oil plays a vital role. This investigation focuses on the influence of staged condensation temperature on the water content of the condensates, with the aim of finding the minimum temperature at which the resulting bio-oils collected in the 1st stage will have single phase.