Ultrafine front side metallization on silicon solar cells by industrial dispensing technology

This study presents a new developed, inline applicable dispensing platform that is equipped with an advanced version of previously introduced parallel dispensing print heads. At process speeds of up to 700 mm·s-1 and a substantially improved process stability, recent cell results on industrial 90 ohm/sq. emitters showed an efficiency increase of up to +0.4%abs. in comparison to standard single screen printing technology. Top values of 19.4% using standard Al-BSF technology were reached in this study. A key improvement of the technology is the new ability to process certain metal pastes originally designed for screen printing applications and thus keep in track with fast emerging paste development. Successfully evaluated screen printing pastes then can be rheologically adapted in order to reach ultrafine contact fingers at high aspect ratios and extract the whole advantage of this non-contacting printing technology.