Groundwater discharges of biocides from façades in urban regions

Biocides, commonly used in building materials, are released through precipitation and can contaminate the groundwater. The study evaluates the transport of biocides through urban pathways — vegetated soils, permeable pavements, and infiltration systems — and gives recommendations for refining the European Emission Scenario Documents (ESD).The aim is to enhance groundwater protection in urban areas, advocating for the use of biocide-free materials and sustainable rainwater management as part of broader blue-green infrastructure strategies. The results provide an important basis for architects, engineers, and municipalities, promoting sustainable construction practices to reduce biocide emissions.