Antenna analysis and optimisation for deeply implantable medical sensor transponders

Deeply implanted sensor transponders are of interest in treatment of cardiovascular diseases. In such systems only small antennas in shape of a stick are supposed. To make a sensor transponder operatable, an optimisation of such an antenna is necessary. Therefor a mathematical expression is derived, that makes optimisation possible. A mathematical modell is derived, to describe physicall effects. Moreover, the influence of encapsulation and human tissue in direct contact to the antenna is analysed. Finally, an optimisation is done for typical requirements of such a system. Measuremts validate the theoretical examinations.