Decentralized energy use in mountain regions: The example of solar-electric stand-alone systems

Special difficulties and high costs are frequently incurred when sources of energy such as kerosene or dry cell batteries are transported to mountain areas. Moreover, use and disposal of these sources of energy poses risks to health and the environment. On the other hand, the use of local, renewable sources of energy such as wind, water or solar power ensures that mountain communities can enjoy both greater independence and safety with respect to energy supply. In mountain regions worldwide, local hydropower produced by small water turbines is important for irrigation, grain milling and other purposes. Water turbines have also long been used to produce electricity to illuminate houses or operate radio and television devices, while direct solar energy has traditionally been used to dry food and clothing. Recently, however, a variety of solar energy systems including special house construction, use of cooking devices such as the well-known cooking boxes and reflector systems, and electricity supplied by photovoltaic (solar-electric) systems have been introduced. Some of these systems are especially suitable for areas with intense sunlight and low temperatures. Solar-electric stand-alone systems have proven useful in the European Alps and the Pyrenees, where there is evidence that they are an important source of sustainable energy.