Validation of complex wheel/hub subassemblies by multiaxial laboratory tests using standardised load files

The complex design of modern wheel / hub systems for cars and commercial vehicles comprising the wheel, hub, brake, bearing, spindle and hub carrier, including their fasteners and different materials, treatments, press-fits, require appropriate testing procedures. The variable loading conditions, caused by operational wheel forces and superimposed brake and torque moments, may result in additional time-varying tolerancesd and press-fits during operation and consequently in different damage mechanism.