Business model framework for end-of-life automotive traction battery recycling

The decarbonization of the automotive sector is gaining momentum through battery-based electric mobility. This results in a significant increase in the production of traction batteries that will need to be recycled in the coming years. In addition to the technical challenges of battery recycling, the emerging industry must establish commercial frameworks and business models to operate profitably in the long term. The research methodology employed in this paper is a systematic literature review in combination with a company analysis to identify the various business model categories that have emerged within the context of battery recycling. In particular, the article highlights emerging business models, including those related to the battery passport and recycled materials, which have emerged in response to regulatory initiatives such as the European Battery Directive. This paper contributes mainly through a novel framework for battery recycling business models. The framework enables policy makers to align their regulatory endeavors and industrial players to identify their unique position for successful commercial operations in the emerging industry of lithium-ion automotive traction battery recycling.