Product service systems: Which revenue model fits best?

In order to differentiate their own offering while at the same time creating more value for the customer, more and more companies are moving away from selling traditional products and services towards selling combinations of material goods and services. These so-called product service systems have received quite some attention in the last decade from practitioners, politics as well as various streams in academia. Yet, many product service providers struggle with successfully implementing such business models. One key issue from a practitioner's standpoint is the question how to generate sustainable revenues. To date, only little research on this topic exists. The objective of this paper is to contribute to the discussion by trying to shed light, first, on the question which types of product service systems exist. In a second step, we derive adequate revenue models for the identified types of product service systems.