Intra-grain versus grain boundary degradation due to illumination and annealing behavior of multi-crystalline solar cells

Light induced degradation can cause a severe loss of efficiency on multi-crystalline PERC solar cells (mc-LID) of more than 10%rel. In this work, the kinetics of the mc-LID annealing process and its temperature dependence is analyzed. It is shown that the initial efficiency can be partly restored by annealing the cell in the dark. However, the degradation process is not completely reversible and the degradation rates of the first and subsequent degradation cycles are different. Furthermore, lateral variations of the degradation are investigated. Four regions showing a quantitatively different degradation behavior are identified. Mc-LID of the rear contacts shows similar degradation as for standard back surface field solar cells. The degradation of grain boundaries is weaker than intra-grain degradation and thus of particular interest for root cause analysis.