Accelerators and Industry

Two types of particle beams have been employed across a range of industrialapplications for many years:> electron beams (e-beams);> ion beams.E-beams can be separated into two energy regions: very low energy (less than330 keV) and low energy (330 keV to 10 MeV). Very low-energy e-beams are usedlargely in surface treatments and processing, while low-energy e-beams, beingmore penetrating, can e¥ect changes in the bulk material. Ion beams in the keVandMeV-energy ranges (up to 70 MeV) have also been routinely used for decadesto study and modify the surface composition of materials, particularly in relation toelectronic materials and advanced nano-structures, composites and thin films, aswell as the environment and cultural artefacts.