Frozen cells and bits: Cryoelectronics advances biopreservation

With few exceptions, electronic components are rated by their manufacturers to -40°C (sometimes -55°C). The operation of electronic ?components, circuits, and systems at much lower temperatures is called cold electronics, cryogenic electronics, low-temperature electronics, or cryoelectronics [1], [2]. Although not all electronics components are usable at low temperatures, electronic devices and circuits have been operated all the way down to a few degrees above absolute zero (0 K, -273°C).