Toxic and carcinogenic effects of solid particles in the respiratory tract

Introductory reviews. Overview of chronic animal studies. Particle-cell interaction. Mechanisms of pulmonary carcinogenesis and fibrosis. Human exposure and effects. Risk assessment and conclusions. In vitro effects of solid particles. In vivo effects of solid particles. Fiber effects. Different approaches. Particles and tobacco smoke. In vitro and in vivo effects of solid particles. Fiber effects, particles and tobacco smoke, and different approaches.