New possibilities with 4D printing - why now is an attractive point in time

Four-dimensional (4D) printing is a technology that enables material functions to be introduced into components in an additive manufacturing (AM) process. For example, the use of shape memory polymers allows the fabrication of thermoresponsive objects. The associated gain in functionality offers several advantages. For example, a high degree of control over thermosponsiveness can be achieved. It also eliminates the need for time- and energy-consuming thermomechanical treatment that is often required for shape memory polymers; the thermoresponsive objects can be taken directly from the printer.
Here we report on our latest approaches to manufacturing thermoresponsive objects using fused filament fabrication. We consider particularly exciting the possibilities of producing objects with one-way or two-way shape memory effects, the latter being a technology that has only recently become available. In this respect, 4D printing can be understood as a key technology for the production of the next generation of programmable materials. In the future, their reuse in 4D printing or other polymer processing methods can further increase their sustainability and thus initiate important steps towards a circular economy for functional materials with comparable property profiles.
The technology emerged in the Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Programmable Materials CPM (PSP element 40-01922-2500-00002).