Terawatt with light: Laser processes in photovoltaics - Manufacturing and potential of tomorrow

Laser processes and metrology play a pivotal role in the mass production of solar cells, with tens of billions produced annually. These technologies are crucial for enhancing energy conversion efficiency and productivity gains. We outline the current landscape and the potential of laser processing in photovoltaic (PV) manufacturing. We will discuss innovative high-throughput concepts that capitalize on advancements in laser power and beam delivery. The digitalization of manufacturing processes enables adaptive techniques that outperform other production tools in improving process windows and yields at greater speeds. We will highlight the increased resource efficiency achieved through laser thermal annealing, the use of silver- and solder-free laser direct joining interconnects, and improved optics of PV modules via laser structured glass. Finally, we will provide insights into the challenges and opportunities presented by emerging materials such as perovskites.