Modeling and Simulation of Electric Vehicle Flexibility to Support the Local Network

The energy and transportation sectors are undergoing successive transformations towards alternative energy and environmentally-friendly electric cars. While electric vehicles may seem cumbersome to the electric grid due to their need for energy, they can be used to support the electric grid through the energy stored inside batteries. In this context, this work examines the flexibility that can be offered by electric vehicles. Based on the probabilistic modeling concepts, a simulation model based on qualitative knowledge of the mobility behavior of individuals or employees and supported by technical information of the electric vehicles is derived. On the one hand, the purpose of the model is to determine the availability of electric vehicles at the designated location. On the other hand, the model estimates the total energy stored in the vehicles. Based on the mobility needs, the model also quantifies the flexibility that can be offered in terms of positive and negative regulating capacities, i.e. the capability to absorb the surplus power generated locally from renewables for example, and compensate the power deficit in peaking times where supplemental reserve might be required. A case study of charge at work is presented to highlight the concept, where a mixed fleet of different classes of electric vehicles is assumed to provide regulating flexibility. The simulation results show that electric vehicles can actively support the local grid.