Correction: Stability Assessment of Fully Inverter-Based Power Systems Using Grid-Forming Controls (Electronics, (2025), 14, 21, (4202), 10.3390/electronics14214202)

In the original publication [1], reference [16] was removed from the reference list, and references [2,9,10,15,33,38] were replaced by the following references. With this correction, the order of some references has been adjusted accordingly. Moore, P.; Alimi, O.A.; Abu-Siada, A. A Review of System Strength and Inertia in Renewable-Energy-Dominated Grids: Challenges, Sustainability, and Solutions. Challenges 2025, 16, 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/challe16010012. Tang, F.; Guo, Y.; Wei, X.; Chen, M.; Sun, J.; Deng, H. An Intentional Controlled Islanding Strategy Considering Island Frequency Stability for Power System with Wind-Power Integrated. Front. Energy Res. 2023, 11, 1247412. Available online: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/energy-research/articles/10.3389/fenrg.2023.1247412 (accessed on 4 November 2025). Kenyon, R.W.; Sajadi, A.; Bossart, M.; Hoke, A.; Hodge, B.-M. Interactive Power to Frequency Dynamics Between Grid-Forming Inverters and Synchronous Generators in Power Electronics-Dominated Power Systems. IEEE Syst. J. 2023, 17, 3456–3467. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSYST.2023.3257284. Kundur, P.; Paserba, J.; Ajjarapu, V.; Andersson, G.; Bose, A.; Canizares, C.; Hatziargyriou, N.; Hill, D.; Stankovic, A.; Taylor, C.; et al. Definition and Classification of Power System Stability—IEEE/CIGRE Joint Task Force on Stability Terms and Definitions. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 2004, 19, 1387–1401. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2004.825981. OPAL-RT Technologies. Power Factory Import 39-Bus New England System (Power Factory Dataset). Available online: https://opal-rt.atlassian.net/wiki/spaces/PDOCHS/pages/940114297/Examples%2BPowerFactory%2BImport%2B39-Bus%2BNew%2BEngland%2BSystem (accessed on 4 November 2025). European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity (ENTSO-E). Autonomous Connection/Reconnection and Admissible Rate of Change of Active Power; ENTSO-E: Brussels, Belgium, 2021. Available online: https://www.entsoe.eu/Documents/Network%20codes%20documents/NC%20RfG/210412_IGD_Conditions_for_automatic_reconnection.pdf (accessed on 4 November 2025). Due to the removal and replacement of references, subsequent references and the corresponding citations in the main text have been adjusted to align with the numerical order. The following text has been updated. In the Introduction section, the paragraph reads “In parallel, other studies have examined system stability under faulted or islanded conditions. Tang et al. [9] investigated planned islanding in a high-renewable adaptation of the IEEE 39-bus system, highlighting the critical role of synthetic inertia in ensuring post-disturbance frequency recovery, particularly in low-inertia systems dominated by renewable generation. Kenyon et al. [10] analyzed the IEEE-39 bus system under load-step conditions, progressively replacing synchronous generators with grid-forming inverters. Their results showed that as grid-forming penetration increased, the rate of change of frequency became higher due to reduced inertia, while damping and frequency nadir improved, reflecting a transition toward first-order system behavior in low-inertia networks.” In the original publication [1], reference [45] was removed from the reference list, references [1,6,7,16,30,36,37,39–41,43,44,46] were updated for accuracy. With this correction, the order of some references has been adjusted accordingly. The corrected references are as follows: Abuagreb, M.; Allehyani, M.F.; Johnson, B.K. Overview of Virtual Synchronous Generators: Existing Projects, Challenges, and Future Trends. Electronics 2022, 11, 2843. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11182843. Khan, M.H.; Zulkifli, S.A.; Tutkun, N.; Ekmekci, I.; Burgio, A. Decentralized Virtual Impedance Control for Power Sharing and Voltage Regulation in Islanded Mode with Minimized Circulating Current. Electronics 2024, 13, 2142. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13112142. Zuo, Y.; Yuan, Z.; Sossan, F.; Zecchino, A.; Cherkaoui, R.; Paolone, M. Performance assessment of grid-forming and grid-following converter-interfaced battery energy storage systems on frequency regulation in low-inertia power grids. Sustain. Energy Grids Netw. 2021, 27, 100496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.segan.2021.100496. Giannuzzi, G.M.; Mostova, V.; Pisani, C.; Tessitore, S.; Vaccaro, A. Enabling Technologies for Enhancing Power System Stability in the Presence of Converter-Interfaced Generators. Energies 2022, 15, 8064. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15218064. Rathnayake, D.B.; Akrami, M.; Phurailatpam, C.; Me, S.P.; Hadavi, S.; Jayasinghe, G.; Zabihi, S.; Bahrani, B. Grid-Forming Inverter Modeling, Control, and Applications. IEEE Access 2021, 9, 114781–114807. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3104617. North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC). PRC-024-3: Frequency and Voltage Protection Settings for Generating Resources; NERC: Atlanta, GA, USA, 2020. Available online: https://www.nerc.com/pa/Stand/Reliability%20Standards/PRC-024-3.pdf (accessed on 4 November 2025). National Grid Electricity Transmission plc. GC0062: Fault Ride Through. Workgroup Report v1.00; National Grid ESO: Warwick, UK, 2015. Available online: https://www.nationalgrid.com/sites/default/files/documents/43504-FRT%20Workgroup%20Report%20V1%2000e_AJ231015.pdf (accessed on 4 November 2025). Kundur, P. Power System Stability and Control; McGraw–Hill: New York, NY, USA, 1994; ISBN 0-07-035958-X. Available online: https://docs.google.com/file/d/0ByS7mm27UFt9Q1pHazdpRE1aaEU/edit (accessed on 4 November 2025). Machowski, J.; Lubosny, Z.; Bialek, J.W.; Bumby, J.R. Power System Dynamics: Stability and Control; John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2020. Available online: https://books.google.de/books?hl=it&lr=&id=9X_PDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA19&dq=Machowski,+J.%3B+Bialek,+J.W.%3B+Bumby,+J.R.+Power+System+Dynamics:+Stability+and+Control,+3rd+ed.%3B+Wiley:+Hoboken,+NJ,+USA,+2020&ots=zPbYL-OTuD&sig=i4ZCRThvd68Gf3p4mQPDnmZh9-g&redir_esc=y (accessed on 4 November 2025). Chandorkar, M.C.; Divan, D.M.; Adapa, R. Control of parallel connected inverters in standalone AC supply systems. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 1993, 29, 136–143. https://doi.org/10.1109/28.195899. Sauer, P.W.; Pai, M.A.; Chow, J.H. Power System Dynamics and Stability: With Synchrophasor Measurement and Power System Toolbox; John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2017. Rogers, G. The Nature of Power System Oscillations. In Power System Oscillations; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2000; pp. 7–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4561-3. Milano, F.; Dörfler, F.; Hug, G.; Hill, D.J.; Verbic, G. Foundations and Challenges of Low-Inertia Systems (Invited Paper). In Proceedings of the 2018 Power Systems Computation Conference (PSCC), Dublin, Ireland, 11–15 June 2018; pp. 1–25. https://doi.org/10.23919/PSCC.2018.8450880. Abuagreb, M.; Allehyani, M.F.; Johnson, B.K. Overview of Virtual Synchronous Generators: Existing Projects, Challenges, and Future Trends. Electronics 2022, 11, 2843. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11182843. Khan, M.H.; Zulkifli, S.A.; Tutkun, N.; Ekmekci, I.; Burgio, A. Decentralized Virtual Impedance Control for Power Sharing and Voltage Regulation in Islanded Mode with Minimized Circulating Current. Electronics 2024, 13, 2142. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13112142. Zuo, Y.; Yuan, Z.; Sossan, F.; Zecchino, A.; Cherkaoui, R.; Paolone, M. Performance assessment of grid-forming and grid-following converter-interfaced battery energy storage systems on frequency regulation in low-inertia power grids. Sustain. Energy Grids Netw. 2021, 27, 100496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.segan.2021.100496. Giannuzzi, G.M.; Mostova, V.; Pisani, C.; Tessitore, S.; Vaccaro, A. Enabling Technologies for Enhancing Power System Stability in the Presence of Converter-Interfaced Generators. Energies 2022, 15, 8064. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15218064. Rathnayake, D.B.; Akrami, M.; Phurailatpam, C.; Me, S.P.; Hadavi, S.; Jayasinghe, G.; Zabihi, S.; Bahrani, B. Grid-Forming Inverter Modeling, Control, and Applications. IEEE Access 2021, 9, 114781–114807. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3104617. North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC). PRC-024-3: Frequency and Voltage Protection Settings for Generating Resources; NERC: Atlanta, GA, USA, 2020. Available online: https://www.nerc.com/pa/Stand/Reliability%20Standards/PRC-024-3.pdf (accessed on 4 November 2025). National Grid Electricity Transmission plc. GC0062: Fault Ride Through. Workgroup Report v1.00; National Grid ESO: Warwick, UK, 2015. Available online: https://www.nationalgrid.com/sites/default/files/documents/43504-FRT%20Workgroup%20Report%20V1%2000e_AJ231015.pdf (accessed on 4 November 2025). Kundur, P. Power System Stability and Control; McGraw–Hill: New York, NY, USA, 1994; ISBN 0-07-035958-X. Available online: https://docs.google.com/file/d/0ByS7mm27UFt9Q1pHazdpRE1aaEU/edit (accessed on 4 November 2025). Machowski, J.; Lubosny, Z.; Bialek, J.W.; Bumby, J.R. Power System Dynamics: Stability and Control; John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2020. Available online: https://books.google.de/books?hl=it&lr=&id=9X_PDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA19&dq=Machowski,+J.%3B+Bialek,+J.W.%3B+Bumby,+J.R.+Power+System+Dynamics:+Stability+and+Control,+3rd+ed.%3B+Wiley:+Hoboken,+NJ,+USA,+2020&ots=zPbYL-OTuD&sig=i4ZCRThvd68Gf3p4mQPDnmZh9-g&redir_esc=y (accessed on 4 November 2025). Chandorkar, M.C.; Divan, D.M.; Adapa, R. Control of parallel connected inverters in standalone AC supply systems. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 1993, 29, 136–143. https://doi.org/10.1109/28.195899. Sauer, P.W.; Pai, M.A.; Chow, J.H. Power System Dynamics and Stability: With Synchrophasor Measurement and Power System Toolbox; John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2017. Rogers, G. The Nature of Power System Oscillations. In Power System Oscillations; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2000; pp. 7–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4561-3. Milano, F.; Dörfler, F.; Hug, G.; Hill, D.J.; Verbic, G. Foundations and Challenges of Low-Inertia Systems (Invited Paper). In Proceedings of the 2018 Power Systems Computation Conference (PSCC), Dublin, Ireland, 11–15 June 2018; pp. 1–25. https://doi.org/10.23919/PSCC.2018.8450880. In the original publication [1], a correction has been made to Section 5.4.4, the heading was modified to “Damping Is Computed from the Data as Follows”. The authors state that the scientific conclusions are unaffected. This correction was approved by the Academic Editor. The original publication has also been updated.