Extracellular matrix and its role in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine

In addition to cells, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a crucial element of all tissue types in the human body. It consists of fibers and networks composed of structural proteins, such as collagen or elastin, matricellular proteins and proteoglycans. The ECM directs cell orientation in the three-dimensional (3D) space, is essential for cell migration and affects cell communication and differentiation. Organ structure and function depend on the relative proportion of the composing ECM constituents. Unraveling the spatio-temporal distribution of ECM molecules is essential for designing relevant approaches to reinstate function or replace damaged tissues and organs. In this regard, advancing the development of bio-inspired, bio-mimicking biomaterials is revolutionizing many aspects of preventive and therapeutic healthcare strategies.