Performance and durability of anti-soiling and anti-reflective coatings for photovoltaic systems in desert climates

The efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) systems is significantly hindered by soiling, especially in desert climates where dust accumulation on PV surfaces is prevalent and reduces light transmission and increases maintenance costs. This study provides a comprehensive review of anti-soiling and anti-reflective coatings (ASC & ARC) designed to mitigate these effects and enhance PV performance. The review examines various coating materials, synthesis techniques such as (Sol-gel, Magnetron sputtering, spray pyrolysis), and surface properties, emphasizing their optical performance, durability, and outdoor reliability in harsh environments. Laboratory characterization methods, including UV–Vis spectroscopy, SEM, AFM, and contact angle measurements, are analyzed alongside real-world field studies. The study also integrates standardized testing frameworks (IEC and ASTM protocols) to evaluate coatings under extreme environmental conditions such as UV exposure, thermal cycling, and mechanical abrasion. Results highlight that optimized coatings can significantly reduce soiling rates, improve light absorption, and enhance long-term energy yield. Furthermore, combining ASC and ARC functionalities has shown potential for maximizing PV efficiency while minimizing cleaning requirements. This review serves as a critical reference for advancing coating technologies, bridging the gap between laboratory research and large-scale PV deployment, and guiding the development of durable, cost-effective solutions for desert climates.