Extended Failure Mode and Effects Analysis for Development of Hot Desert Test Cycle Proposal

A growing number of gigawatt-scale photovoltaic (PV) power plants are being established in hot desert regions worldwide, which are favored for their vast available land, high solar irradiance, long sunshine hours, and relatively low maintenance needs. This study combines insights from global PV experts on degradation rates, failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA), and desert weather conditions to develop a hot desert test cycle (HDTC). The average degradation rate for PV modules installed in hot desert regions over the past 10 years is estimated to be around 1.63% per year. Eighteen failure modes were identified and analyzed using FMEA. According to the results, the main degradation mechanisms include UV light-induced degradation (UVLID), thermomechanical failures in interconnects and fingers, light-elevated temperature-induced degradation (LeTID), and abrasion of the glass and antireflection coatings. A radar map comparison shows that desert environments experience UV exposure, ambient, and module temperatures that are more than twice as high as those in moderate climates. The HDTC protocol was developed based on FMEA results and desert-specific weather conditions. It includes tests for desert UV exposure, temperature cycles, mechanical loads, and sand/brush abrasions. To ensure consistency across countries, there is a plan to establish an internationally recognized standard that complements existing IEC standards. As the industry grows, desert regions are expected to place greater emphasis on adopting desert-specific testing standards for the qualification and evaluation of PV modules.