Streamlining the development of smart product-service systems

The ongoing digitalization of manufacturing leads to the development of smart product-service systems (smart PSSs), where smart, connected products (SCPs) and complementary smart services along with human interaction shape an environment for cooperative business value generation. However, due to the complex nature of smart PSSs, simplified approaches for their strategic development are required. Here, we propose a methodology for the conceptualization and continuous development of smart PSSs. In doing so, we discuss cumulative stages for smart PSSs based on various technological capabilities. Additionally, the time for business value generation in each stage and the need for human interaction are taken into consideration. The introduced methodology is applied to the use case of a multi-sensory tool holder for milling machines.