Ten questions concerning the future of ventilation and indoor air quality in European schools

Research about the importance of ventilation and indoor air quality in schools has attracted scientific attention for several decades. Multiple studies have identified associations between outdoor air ventilation rates, indoor air quality, and the health, well-being, and cognitive performance of students; the precise causes of which are not fully understood. More recently schools were identified as a key node of transmission in the COVID-19 pandemic. This realisation fundamentally changed the discourse around school ventilation across Europe. Despite this awareness, and the annual burden of airborne diseases (including influenza, RSV, and others) as well as the increased likelihood of further pandemics, very little progress has been made in terms of practical measures or policy changes. This paper examines ten key questions regarding the future of ventilation and indoor air quality in European schools through the eyes of twelve European experts. By examining these multi-faceted issues in a holistic way, the work sets out to draw clear conclusions about what is needed to improve widespread air quality problems and defects in school ventilation practices across Europe. Despite inconclusive findings in some areas, the authors argue that there is sufficient evidence to act decisively to reduce the risk of short and long-term harms and to mitigate significant health inequalities.