Under CopyrightWietschel, MartinMartinWietschelHasenauer, UlrikeUlrikeHasenauer2022-03-0712.2.20082004https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/29202810.24406/publica-fhg-292028Contents S.I-X 1 Executive Summary S.1-5 2 Analysis of Potential EU and Global Market for H2 Technologies S.6-19 - 2.1 Portable applications market S.6-9 - 2.2 Buses market S.10-11 - 2.3 Automotive market S.11-13 - 2.4 Large stationary applications market S.13-14 - 2.5 Small stationary applications market S.14-15 - 2.6 Niche transport market S.16 - 2.7 Auxiliary Power Units market S.16 - 2.8 Military applications market S.16-17 - 2.9 Summary S.17-18 - 2.10 References Chapter 2 S.18-19 3 Impacts on the Global European Economy due to Hydrogen S.20-28 - 3.1 Introduction S.20 - 3.2 Outcome of two German input-output studies S.20-25 - 3.2.1 Structural change in the automotive supplier structure S.20-21 - 3.2.2 Assumption for FC car production in Germany S.22 - 3.2.3 Import assumptions of the industry sectors S.22-23 - 3.2.4 Direct and indirect employments effects in Germany S.23-24 - 3.2.5 Influence of the lead market on employment S.24-25 - 3.3 Sectoral and employment effects due hydrogen in the EU S.25-27 - 3.3.1 Possible sectoral effects S.25-26 - 3.3.1.1 Expected direct effects S.25-26 - 3.3.1.2 Expected indirect effects S.26 - 3.3.2 Lead market S.26 - 3.3.3 Possible employment effects S.26-27 - 3.4 Summary S.27 - 3.5 References Chapter 3 S.28 4 Financing Requirements of a Hydrogen Infrastructure S.29-96 - 4.1 General views on financing the infrastructure investment S.29-31 - 4.2 Comparing the hydrogen distribution infrastructure to other infrastructures (currently in a build-up phase) S.31-33 - 4.2.1 Comparing the attractiveness to investors S.31-33 - 4.3 Comparing the magnitude of the investment S.33-96 - 4.4.1 Europe: the HyNET Roadmap S.35-36 - 4.4.2 U.S. Roadmap S.37-38 - 4.4.3 Roadmap by Shell Hydrogen S.39-96 - 4.5 Oil companies' view's on hydrogen S.40-42 - 4.6 Scale of investments in oil companies S.42 - 4.7 Thoughts on how to improve the attractiveness of hydrogen infrastructure as a target for investments S.43-44 - 4.7.1 Lessons-learned-elsewhere S.43-44 - 4.8 Summary S.44-96 - 5.1 General S.46 - 5.2 Fuel cells technological status S.46-50 - 5.2.1 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) S.47 - 5.2.4 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC) S.47 - 5.2.5 Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC) S.48 - 5.2.6 Fuel cells for stationary applications S.48-50 - 5.3 State of the art on stationary applications and remarks S.50-51 - 5.4 Internal combustion engines S.51-52 - 5.5 Micro gas turbines S.52-63 - 5.5.1 Cost of electricity as a function of investment cost S.58-60 - 5.5.2 Cost of electricity as a function of fuel cost S.60-63 - 5.6 CO2 emissions reduction for the stationary sector S.63-64 - 5.7 Conclusions S.64 - 5.8 Summary S.64-65 - 5.9 References Chapter 5 S.65 - 5.10 Appendix Chapter 5: Examples of different cost calculations S.66-96 - Discussion of Opportunities for EU Industry S.68-80 - 6.1 Summary S.68-69 - 6.2 Production of hydrogen S.69-70 - 6.2.2 Hydrogen from heavy hydrocarbons S.69 - 6.2.4 Hydrogen from electricity S.70 - 6.2.5 Future methods of producing hydrogen S.70 - 6.3 Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats for European industry regarding production of hydrogen S.70-72 - 6.4.2 Liquid hydrogen S.72 - 6.4.3 Hydrogen carriers S.72 - 6.5 Transmission and distribution S.73-80 - 6.5.2 Liquid hydrogen S.73 - 6.5.3 Hydrogen carriers S.73-80 - 6.7 Equipment manufacturing, fuel cells S.74-80 - 6.9 End-use S.76-77 - 6.10 Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats for European industry regarding end use of hydrogen S.77-78 - 6.11 Conclusions S.78-80 - Analysis of Improvement on Security of Supply S.81-96 - 7.1 Introduction S.81-82 - 7.1.1 The EU strategy S.81 - 7.1.2 The role of hydrogen S.81-82 - 7.2 EU energy dependence from imports S.82-87 - 7.2.1 The current situation S.82 - 7.2.2 Projections to 2030 S.82-84 - 7.2.3 The transport sector S.84-85 - 7.2.4 The domestic sector S.85-86 - 7.2.5 Electricity generation S.86-87 - 7.3 EU strategy for the security of energy supply S.87-88 - 7.4 Economic effects of supply insecurity S.88-91 - 7.4.1 Definition of energy supply insecurity S.88 - 7.4.2 Economic aspects of energy supply insecurity S.88-89 - 7.4.3 Damage arising from energy supply disruption S.89-90 - 7.4.4 Calculation of damage costs S.90-91 - 7.5 The role of hydrogen in improving energy supply security S.91-94 - 7.5.1 Favourable characteristics of hydrogen as a fuel with regards to energy supply security S.91 - 7.5.2 HySociety scenario for hydrogen introduction in the EU S.91-93 - 7.5.3 Effects of hydrogen introduction on demand of primary energy sources S.93-94 - 7.6 Conclusions S.94-95 - 7.7 Summary S.95-96 - 7.8 References Chapter 7 S.96en303600report