Under CopyrightGordon, Thomas F.Thomas F.Gordon2022-03-0401.11.20142013https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/23456410.24406/publica-fhg-234564This article presents the Carneades opinion formation and polling tool, which was inspired by work by Katie Atkinson, Trevor Bench-Capon and Adam Wyner at the University of Liverpool on the Structured Consultation Tool (SCT) they developed in the European IMPACT project. The Carneades polling tool generalises and extends their results by using argument graphs to support consultations about any argument, independent of the argumentation schemes used to reconstruct the arguments, by collecting feedback on the arguments put forward on all sides of a debate, rather than only the arguments of a single position of one party, such as the government agency proposing some policy, and by providing a convenient way for respondents to rank stakeholders by the extent to which they share opinions . Argument graphs abstract away details of the argumentation schemes used to construct or reconstruct the arguments but not needed for the purposes of conducting the poll. Moreover, Carneades provides a high-level declarative language for argumentation schemes, enabling humanities scholars, such as lawyers or argumentation experts, to define and configure the set of argumentation schemes to be used to construct the argumentation graphs, without requiring technical computer science skills or modifications to the implementation of the polling tool.enArgumentationskarteMeinungsumfrageePartizipation004book article