Fang, XimengXimengFangHeuser, SvenSvenHeuserStötzer, Lasse S.Lasse S.Stötzer2025-02-042025-02-102025-02-042025https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/48322710.1016/j.jpubeco.2025.1053092-s2.0-85215833771Growing political polarization is often attributed to "echo chambers" among like-minded individuals and a lack of social interactions among contrary-minded individuals. We provide quasi-experimental evidence on the effects of in-person conversations on individual-level polarization outcomes, studying a large-scale intervention in Germany that matched pairs of strangers for private face-to-face meetings to discuss divisive political issues. We find asymmetric effects: conversations with like-minded individuals caused political views to become more extreme (ideological polarization); by contrast, conversations with contrary-minded individuals did not lead to a convergence of political views, but significantly reduced negative beliefs and attitudes toward ideological out-group members (affective polarization), while also improving perceived social cohesion more generally. These effects of contrary-minded conversations seem to be driven mostly by positive experiences of interpersonal contact.entrueBehavioral political economyIntergroup contactPolarizationjournal article