Hjelt, KariKariHjeltDöscher, HenningHenningDöscher2024-10-182024-10-182024-10-16https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/47708910.1038/s41928-024-01270-5Technologies based on graphene and other two-dimensional materials are being commercialized in a number of areas, including electronics. But, as work on the Graphene Flagship illustrates, challenges in the scale-up and industrialization of graphene remain to be solved. With science-based innovations, the time required for new materials to have a commercial impact is typically decades. The process involves many steps, including material manufacturing, application and component development, and system integration, all of which have their own technology risks. As a result, companies are wary of taking on the commercial risks of industrialization before the technological risks are understood and manageable, which creates a gap between research and industry. It is, therefore, vitally important to build bridges between the key stakeholders along the emerging value chains. Ways to achieve this include creating long-term funding for research activities that reduce technology risks, raising awareness of commercial opportunities and risk mitigation strategies, and providing access to capital to support commercial start-ups and their dedicated research and development. Since 2013, the Graphene Flagship initiative has attempted to do this and support the commercialization of promising graphene technologiesenjournal article