Ford, SimonSimonFordRauschecker, UrsulaUrsulaRauscheckerAthanassopoulou, NikolettaNikolettaAthanassopoulou2022-03-1216.11.20122012https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/37685010.24406/publica-r-37685010.1109/SYSoSE.2012.6384164In the multi-site manufacturing domain, systems-of-systems (SoS) are rarely called so. However, there exist a number of collaborative manufacturing paradigms which closely relate to system-of-system principles. These include distributed manufacturing, dispersed network manufacturing, virtual enterprises and cloud manufacturing/manufacturing-as-a-service. This paper provides an overview of these terms and paradigms, exploring their characteristics, overlaps and differences. These manufacturing paradigms are then considered in relation to five key system-of-systems characteristics: autonomy, belonging, connectivity, diversity and emergence. Data collected from two surveys of academic and industry experts is presented and discussed, with key challenges and barriers to multi-site manufacturing SoS identified.enSystemarchitektursystems engineeringcloud manufacturingSystem-of-Systems (SoS)virtual enterpriseFertigungZusammenarbeitconference paper