Maman, M.M.MamanCalvanese-Strinati, E.E.Calvanese-StrinatiDinh, L.N.L.N.DinhHaustein, T.T.HausteinKeusgen, W.W.KeusgenWittig, S.S.WittigSchmieder, M.M.SchmiederBarbarossa, S.S.BarbarossaMerluzzi, M.M.MerluzziCostanzo, F.F.CostanzoSardellitti, S.S.SardellittiKlessig, H.H.KlessigKendre, S.V.S.V.KendreMunaretto, D.D.MunarettoCentenaro, M.M.CentenaroPietro, N. diN. diPietroLiang, S.-P.S.-P.LiangChih, K.-Y.K.-Y.ChihLuo, J.S.-J.J.S.-J.LuoKao, L.-C.L.-C.KaoHuang, J.-C.J.-C.HuangHuang, J.-S.J.-S.HuangWang, T.-Y.T.-Y.Wang2022-05-062022-05-062021https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/41531310.1186/s13638-021-02067-2Private networks will play a key role in 5G and beyond to enable smart factories with the required better deployment, operation and flexible usage of available resource and infrastructure. 5G private networks will offer a lean and agile solution to effectively deploy and operate services with stringent and heterogeneous constraints in terms of reliability, latency, re-configurability and re-deployment of resources as well as issues related to governance and ownership of 5G components, and elements. In this paper, we present a novel approach to operator models, specifically targeting 5G and beyond private networks. We apply the proposed operator models to different network architecture options and to a selection of relevant use cases offering mixed private-public network operator governance and ownership. Moreover, several key enabling technologies have been identified for 5G private networks. Before the deployment, stakeholders should consider spectrum allocation and on-site channel measurements in order to fully understand the propagation characteristic of a given environment and to set up end-to-end system parameters. During the deployment, a monitoring tools will support to validate the deployment and to make sure that the end-to-end system meet the target KPI. Finally, some optimization can be made individually for service placement, network slicing and orchestration or jointly at radio access, multi-access edge computing or core network level.en621journal article