CC BY-NC-ND 4.0Castellani, DavideDavideCastellaniPiva, MariacristinaMariacristinaPivaSchubert, TorbenTorbenSchubertVivarelli, MarcoMarcoVivarelli2022-03-059.11.20182019https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/25471710.1016/j.techfore.2018.10.001Using data on the US and EU top R&D spenders from 2004 until 2012, this paper investigates the sources of the US/EU productivity gap. We find robust evidence that US firms have a higher capacity to translate R&D into productivity gains (especially in the high-tech macro sector), and this contributes to explaining the higher productivity of US firms. Conversely, EU firms are more likely to achieve productivity gains through capital-embodied technological change, at least in the medium- and low-tech macro sectors. Our results also show that the US/EU productivity gap has worsened during the crisis period, as the EU companies have been more affected by the economic crisis in their capacity to translate R&D investments into productivity. Based on these findings, we make a case for a learning-based and selective R&D funding, which, instead of purely aiming at stimulating higher R&D expenditures, works on improving the firms' capabilities to transform R&D into productivity gains.enR&Dproductivityeconomic crisisUSEU303journal article