CC BY 4.0Schmitz, RichardRichardSchmitzFlachsbarth, FranziskaFranziskaFlachsbarthPlaga, Leonie SaraLeonie SaraPlagaBraun, MartinMartinBraunHärtel, PhilippPhilippHärtel2025-08-272025-08-272025https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/494622https://doi.org/10.24406/publica-518510.1016/j.enpol.2025.11479610.24406/publica-51852-s2.0-105013490433Recent events, including the pandemic, geopolitical conflicts, supply chain disruptions, and climate change impacts,have exposed the critical need to ensure energy security and resilience in energy systems. Therefore, thiswork initially reviews existing definitions and interrelations between energy security and resilience, conceptualisingthese terms in the context of energy system transformations. To highlight key challenges, especially toenergy system resilience, it introduces a classification of disturbances into shock events and slow burn processes.Examples of each category illustrate their distinct impacts on technical, economic, and environmental system performanceover time. To address these challenges, relevant recourse options are compiled across resilience capacitylevels and system planning horizons, emphasising actionable strategies for an increasingly integrated energy system.Finally, based on the above-mentioned aspects, policy recommendations are proposed to integrate shockevents and slow burn processes into future energy system planning, enabling forward-looking decision-makingand system design to analyse and mitigate potential disruptions.enEnergy securityRecourse optionsResilienceShock eventsSlow burn processesjournal article