Weidner, EckhardEckhardWeidner2022-03-052022-03-052018https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/25088110.1016/j.supflu.2017.12.0242-s2.0-85039750509Impregnation of solid materials has drawbacks such as low diffusion, long contact times, and overdosing of impregnates causing pollution and high consumption of additives that can be overcome with CO2-intensified processes. Wood is already protected against biological deterioration in industrial scale by supercritical impregnation. Industrial plants for dyeing of fabrics are built in Asia at present. A number of processes are far advanced - giving hope for numerous applications in the coming years. In a process analysis addressing the unit operations mixing, sorption, expansion, and pretreatment advantageous design features for processes and products using pressurized CO2 are summarized. Four examples - impregnation of hip implants, of polycarbonate with silver nitrate, of nuts with antioxidants and reactive impregnation (tanning) of leather − illustrate that commercially competitive solutions can be derived and scaled up. Boundary conditions and empirical rules are suggested how CO2 can be used to generate impregnated materials.enimpregnationfoodpolymerleathersupercritical carbon dioxidecarbon dioxide543journal article