CC BY 4.0Behrens, RolandRolandBehrensPliske, G.G.PliskePiatek, S.S.PiatekWalcher, F.F.WalcherElkmann, NorbertNorbertElkmann2023-03-092023-03-092023-02-24https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/437497https://doi.org/10.24406/publica-102410.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.11151710.24406/publica-1024Biomechanical limits based on pain thresholds ensure safety in workplaces where humans and cobots (collaborative robots) work together. Standardization bodies' decision to rely on pain thresholds stems from the assumption that such limits inherently protect humans from injury. This assumption has never been verified, though. This article reports on a study with 22 human subjects in which we studied injury onset in four locations of the hand-arm system using an impact pendulum. During the tests, the impact intensity was slowly increased over several weeks until a blunt injury, i.e., bruising or swelling, appeared in the body locations under load. A statistical model, which calculates injury limits for a given percentile, was developed based on the data. A comparison of our injury limits for the 25th percentile with existing pain limits confirms that pain limits provide suitable protection against impact injuries, albeit not for all body locations.enjournal article