Xie, W.W.XieWang, Y.Y.WangChen, H.H.ChenLi, D.D.D.D.Li2022-03-062022-03-062022https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/26835210.1109/TIE.2021.30767082-s2.0-851058466302-s2.0-85115179669This paper proposes a new calibration method, called the mixed-binning (MB) method, to pursue high-linearity time-to-digital converters (TDCs) for light detection and ranging (LiDAR) applications. The proposed TDCs were developed using tapped delay-line (TDL) cells in field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). With the MB method, we implemented a resolution-adjustable TDC showing excellent linearity in Xilinx UltraScale FPGAs. We demonstrate a 128-channel TDC to show that the proposed method is cost-effective in logic resources. We also developed a software tool to predict the performances of TDL-based TDCs robustly. Results from both software analysis and hardware implementations are in a good agreement and show that the proposed design has great potential for multichannel applications; the averaged DNL_(pk-pk) and INL_(pk-pk) are close to or even less than 0.05 LSB in multichannel designs.en621journal article