O'Malley, M.M.O'MalleyBowen, T.T.BowenBialek, J.J.BialekBraun, M.M.BraunCutululis, N.N.CutululisGreen, T.T.GreenHansen, A.A.HansenKennedy, E.E.KennedyKiviluoma, J.J.KiviluomaLeslie, J.J.LeslieLi, Y.Y.LiMatevosyan, J.J.MatevosyanMcDowell, J.J.McDowellMiller, N.N.MillerPettingill, P.P.PettingillRamasubramanian, D.D.RamasubramanianRobinson, L.L.RobinsonSchaefer, C.C.SchaeferWard, J.J.Ward2022-05-062025-05-272022-05-062021https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/41602210.1109/MPE.2021.3104078The primary objective of a power system is to safely provide reliable energy services to society at an affordable cost. In many countries, this objective has been supplemented by another: meeting the energy demand with sustainable resources, which has culminated in the energy transition to low-carbon and zero-carbon energy systems. This transition, occurring rapidly around the world, is characterized by the increasing penetration of variable renewable energy (VRE), inverter-based resources (IBRs), and distributed energy resources (DERs).en621journal article