Nisar, Muhammad AdeelMuhammad AdeelNisarShirahama, KimiakiKimiakiShirahamaIrshad, Muhammad TausifMuhammad TausifIrshadHuang, XinyuXinyuHuangGrzegorzek, MarcinMarcinGrzegorzek2024-05-132024-05-132023https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/46778410.3390/s231982342-s2.0-8517402683237837064Machine learning with deep neural networks (DNNs) is widely used for human activity recognition (HAR) to automatically learn features, identify and analyze activities, and to produce a consequential outcome in numerous applications. However, learning robust features requires an enormous number of labeled data. Therefore, implementing a DNN either requires creating a large dataset or needs to use the pre-trained models on different datasets. Multitask learning (MTL) is a machine learning paradigm where a model is trained to perform multiple tasks simultaneously, with the idea that sharing information between tasks can lead to improved performance on each individual task. This paper presents a novel MTL approach that employs combined training for human activities with different temporal scales of atomic and composite activities. Atomic activities are basic, indivisible actions that are readily identifiable and classifiable. Composite activities are complex actions that comprise a sequence or combination of atomic activities. The proposed MTL approach can help in addressing challenges related to recognizing and predicting both atomic and composite activities. It can also help in providing a solution to the data scarcity problem by simultaneously learning multiple related tasks so that knowledge from each task can be reused by the others. The proposed approach offers advantages like improved data efficiency, reduced overfitting due to shared representations, and fast learning through the use of auxiliary information. The proposed approach exploits the similarities and differences between multiple tasks so that these tasks can share the parameter structure, which improves model performance. The paper also figures out which tasks should be learned together and which tasks should be learned separately. If the tasks are properly selected, the shared structure of each task can help it learn more from other tasks.enactivities of daily livingatomic activitycomposite activityhierarchical multitask learningmachine learningwearable sensorsjournal article