Modroiu, Elena-RamonaElena-RamonaModroiuMwangama, JoyceJoyceMwangamaCorici, Marius-IulianMarius-IulianCoriciMagedanz, ThomasThomasMagedanz2025-07-082025-07-082025-05-13https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/48924010.24138/jcomss-2025-0007The Fifth Generation (5G) mobile network was developed to provide greater capacity, lower latency, and higher throughput, thereby enhancing multimedia service delivery. In the context of private 5G networks, open-source software is a key enabler of innovation and widespread adoption. This study introduces the first open-source prototype implementation of Voice over New Radio (VoNR) and evaluates its performance in two 5G Standalone (SA) private network deployment models: distributed and all-in-one (”in-a-box”). Leveraging an experimental setup composed entirely of open-source tools, the paper offers a comparative analysis of VoNR and Over-the-Top (OTT) voice services, examining their respective advantages and limitations. The findings contribute to the optimization of voice and multimedia services in next-generation (6G) networks and underscore the role of open-source platforms in achieving scalable, high-quality voice integration.en5G Stand-Alonecampus networksIMSKPIN5Open SourceVoLTEjournal article