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PublicationGlobal occurrence, chemical properties, and ecological impacts of e-wastes (IUPAC technical report)( 2020)
;Purchase, Diane ;Abbasi, Golnoush ;Bisschop, Lieselot ;Chatterjee, Debashish ;Ekberg, Christian ;Ermolin, Mikhail ;Fedotov, Petr ;Garelick, Hemda ;Isimekhai, Khadijah ;Kandile, Nadia G. ;Lundström, Mari ;Matharu, Avtar ;Miller, Bradley W. ;Pineda, Antonio ;Popoola, Oluseun E. ;Retegan, Teodora ;Ruedel, Heinz ;Serpe, Angela ;Sheva, Yehuda ;Surati, Kiran R. ;Walsh, Fiona ;Wilson, Benjamin P.Wong, Ming HungThe waste stream of obsolete electronic equipment grows exponentially, creating a worldwide pollution and resource problem. Electrical and electronic waste (e-waste) comprises a heterogeneous mix of glass, plastics (including flame retardants and other additives), metals (including rare Earth elements), and metalloids. The e-waste issue is complex and multi-faceted. In examining the different aspects of e-waste, informal recycling in developing countries has been identified as a primary concern, due to widespread illegal shipments; weak environmental, as well as health and safety, regulations; lack of technology; and inadequate waste treatment structure. For example, Nigeria, Ghana, India, Pakistan, and China have all been identified as hotspots for the disposal of e-waste. This article presents a critical examination on the chemical nature of e-waste and the resulting environmental impacts on, for example, microbial biodiversity, flora, and fauna in e-waste recycling sites around the world. It highlights the different types of risk assessment approaches required when evaluating the ecological impact of e-waste. Additionally, it presents examples of chemistry playing a role in potential solutions. The information presented here will be informative to relevant stakeholders seeking to devise integrated management strategies to tackle this global environmental concern.