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Author: Bätcher, K. ×

Publications Search Results

Now showing 1 - 6 of 6
  • Publication
    Anthropogene N2O- und CH4-Emissionen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Emissionsbilanz, Identifikation von Forschungs- und Handlungsbedarf sowie Erarbeitung von Handlungsempfehlungen. Phase I
    ( 1993)
    Angerer, G.
    ;
    Bätcher, K.
    ;
    Böhm, E.
    ;
    Hiessl, H.
    ;
    Hillenbrand, T. orcid-logo
    ;
    Reichert, J.
    ;
    Schön, M.
    ;
    Walz, R. orcid-logo
    With the support of the German Umweltbundesamt the FhG-ISI investigated - together with other partners - the anthropogenic emissions of the trace gases methane and nitrous oxide in the Federal Republic of Germany. It was the object of the first phase of the project to obtain a summary of the present knowledge about the emission sources and a first rough estimate about the amount of the emissions, the identification of the need for research and - as far as possible - the discussion of the possibilities to reduce emissions. The following fields were examined: waste water cleaning, surface and ground water, mining of coal and oil, distribution of gaseous fuels, combustion of fossil fuels in stationary plants and automobiles, industrial production processes, landfills, combustion of biomass and composting, agriculture and stock-farming. Another substantial result of the first phase was the definition of the work program for phasee II of the project.
  • Publication
    Verwertung von Elektronikschrott. Stand der Technik, Forschungs- und Technologiebedarf. Abschlußbericht
    (E.Schmidt, 1993)
    Angerer, G.
    ;
    Bars, P.
    ;
    Bätcher, K.
    The realization of the regulation for the recycling of electronic scrap requires not only the provision of the necessary logistics but also innovative technologies for the recycling of electronic equipment and the use of the secondary raw material in industry. It was the objective of this study to show the state of the current technology for recycling electronic scrap, to identify problems that may occur in getting the regulation into operation and to specify the need for research and technology in this field. The greatest difficulties that can be expected are the recycling of printed circuit boards, plastics and CRT-screens. There are indeed several innovative technical solutions being developed and tested, however the capacities for recycling the 25,000 tons of printed circuit boards scrap, 5 mio CRT-screens and 300,000 tons of plastic scrap are far from being suffic ient. These capacity gaps can only be closed gradually in view of the time necessary to get recycling plants licensed and also the need for technical development.
  • Publication
    Untersuchung über die Auswirkungen geplanter gesetzlicher Beschränkungen auf die Verwendung, Verbreitung und Substitution von Cadmium in Produkten. Umweltforschungsplan des Bundesministers für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit. Produktbezogener Immissionsschutz. Forschungsbericht Nr. 104 08 320
    ( 1992)
    Bätcher, K.
    ;
    Böhm, E.
    The EC-directive 91/338/EWG puts a ban on cadmium for special applications.In the FRG, for all applications included in that directive cadmium is already substituted today. The substitution of cadmium stbilizers will be completed in the near future. The use of cadmium for corrosion protection has been also greatly diminished. Only the substitution of cadmium pigments in red and yellow "high engineering plastics" and keramic glazes cannot be realized presently. The nickel/hydrogen accumulator, which is available now, and the lithium accumulator will probably cut back the growing consumption rate of cadmium for sealed nickel/cadmium cells. There are sufficiently large capacities for the recycling of nickel/cadmium accumulators available but the number of accumulators returned is still low. Although the EC-directive 91/157 allows a deposit on batteries containing environmentally hazardous substances, its introduction is not currently planned. Cadmium polluted zinc, lead and copper and esp ecially phosphate fertilizers are responsible for a considerable amount of cadmium input into the environment. A threshold limit for cadmium in phosphate fertilizers for the entire EC is not to be expected in the near future.
  • Publication
    Investigation into the effects of planned restrictions with regard to the use, circulation and substitution of cadmium in products.
    ( 1992)
    Bätcher, K.
    ;
    Böhm, E.
    ;
    Tötsch, W.
    The EC-directive 91/338/EWG puts a ban on cadmium for special applications. In the FRG, for all applications included in that directive cadmium is already substituted today. The substitution of cadmium stabilizers will be completed in the near future. The use of cadmium for corrosion protection has been also greatly diminished. Only the substitution of cadmium pigments in red and yellow "high engineering plastics" and keramic glazes cannot be realized presently. The substitution of cadmium for the colouring of plastics lags behind the technical feasibilities. The nickel/hydrogen accumulator, which is available now, and the lithium accumulator will probably cut back the growing consumpton rate of cadmium for sealed nickel/cadmium cells. There are sufficiently large capacities for the recycling of nickel/cadmium accumulators available but the number of accumulators returned is still low. Although the EC-directive 91/157 allows a deposit on batteries containing environmetally hazardous su bstances, its introduction is not currently planned. Cadmium polluted zinc, lead and copper and especially phosphate fertilizers are responsible for a considerable amount of cadmium input into the environment. A threshold limit for cadmium in phosphate ferilizers for the entire EC is not to be expected in the near future.
  • Publication
    Zusammenfassende Darstellung des Kenntnisstandes zu Cadmiumstoffströmen in der Bundesrepublik
    (ISI, 1992)
    Bätcher, K.
    ;
    Böhm, E.
    Inputs into the flow of cadmium in the Federal Republic of Germany are caused on the one hand by the production and manufacture of this metal and its compounds and by the intentional use in products. On the other hand, substantial inputs result from the natural occurrence of cadmium in fossile fuels and in different mineral raw materials. The flow of cadmium for the years 1980, 1986 and 1989 shows that the cadmium emissions into air and water have been reduced during the last 10 years. The intentional use of cadmium in products has been markedly reduced as well - except in the field of batteries. The zinc foundries and the production of cadmium play a particular role in the flow of cadmium concerning the disposal and recycling of cadmium-containing residues of the non-ferrous metal industry and the iron and steel industry. An "interconnected system " of the residues has led to a reduction of cadmium emissions and cadmium contents in non-ferrous metals and to a restrained deposition of cadmium-containing waste. Furthermore it can be deduced from the flow of cadmium that the inputs and fates of the heavy metal as a naturally occuring impurity in fossile fuels and mineral raw materials of the iron and steel industry and the nonnmetallic mineral industry will not differ markedly in the near future. A substantial input is still caused by the application of phosphate fertilizers.