Policy, Infrastructure, and Consumer Perceptions in Sustainable EV Transitions: Insights from Japan, Thailand, Taiwan, and Germany

The shift to electric vehicles (EVs) offers a path to lower emissions and reduced fossil fuel use but increases demand for critical minerals (CMs) like lithium and cobalt, raising supply chain and environmental concerns. Using data from 1200 respondents in Japan, Thailand, Taiwan, and Germany, this study explores strategies to reduce CM demand—such as lighter, short-range EVs, and remanufactured batteries—and examines how charging access and safety perceptions shape consumer behavior. Regional differences emerge: Thailand and Taiwan show stronger support for EV incentives and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technologies, while Japan and Germany display more skepticism. Gender patterns show Japanese women value equitable EV access, while Taiwanese men favor reused batteries. In Germany, men are more supportive of V2G. Age effects are minor, except in Taiwan where older consumers worry more about CM use. In Thailand, income shapes EV engagement, with lower-income groups facing affordability and charging challenges. Industry takeaways stress region-specific strategies, leveraging incentives in Southeast Asia and focusing on consumer education in Japan and Germany. Policymakers should expand charging infrastructure, subsidize affordable EVs, and advance V2G efforts for a fair and sustainable transition.