Fraunhofer-Institut für System- und Innovationsforschung ISI

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  • Publication
    Data protection impact assessments in practice
    ( 2022)
    Friedewald, Michael orcid-logo
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    Schiering, Ina
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    Martin, Nicholas orcid-logo
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    Hallinan, Dara
    In the context of the project "A Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA) Tool for Practical Use in Companies and Public Administration" an operationalization for Data Protection Impact Assessments was developed based on the approach of Forum Privatheit. This operationalization was tested and refined during twelve tests with startups, small- and medium sized enterprises, corporations and public bodies. This paper presents the operationalization and summarizes the experience from the tests.
  • Publication
    The path towards industry 4.0. A comprehensive methodology for researching Serbian manufacturing industry. A research proposal
    ( 2022)
    Horvat, Djerdj
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    Marjanovic, Ugljesa
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    Pavlovic, Marko
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    Rakic, Slavko
    Since Industry 4.0 (I4.0) has become the guiding principle of manufacturing companies and policymakers in the majority of developed countries, many emerging economies have also adopted this concept to improve their national competitiveness and catch up with Western economies. The previous research presented that there are three main conditions for successful adoption and implementation of I4.0: technological, environmental, and organizational. Moreover, due to complexity caused by, e.g., cultural, political, economic, etc. differences, the conceptualization of such a methodology for emerging economies like Western Balkan countries is particularly challenging. Following the identified gap in lacking comprehensive research on the manufacturing sector's readiness for industrial digital transformation in Western Balkan region (e.g. Republic of Serbia), in this paper is presented a research proposal for researching the I4.0 readiness of the Serbian manufacturing industry.
  • Publication
    Electricity consumption of network-connected devices in the residential sector in Germany
    ( 2021)
    Suzaly, Nashua
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    Mandel, Tim orcid-logo
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    Brugger, Heike orcid-logo
    Digitalization in the residential sector is growing rapidly with the introduction of more smart devices and the development of the Internet of Things. To investigate the electricity consumption of household appliances from increasing network-connected devices, a bottom-up modelling approach is used. The FORECAST-Residential model by Fraunhofer ISI was developed to calculate the residential energy consumption based on of the Bass model in product growth and consumer purchases. The model is extended in this study to calculate upstream energy use, defined as the energy required by data centres and access network efficiency in transferring data. The electricity consumption of network-connected devices themselves is also extended in the model by distinguishing devices connected to the internet and determining the duration of their connected usage. The consumption of different operation states is investigated by further separating operation and standby usage into conventional and network-connected usage. To determine the influence of different variables on the future development of energy consumption due to network-connected devices, several exploratory scenarios are simulated, covering policymaking, smart device purchases, user behaviour, and data centre efficiencies. The results show that the electricity consumption of devices can be strongly influenced by policies such as the European eco-design directive for household appliances. The conventional operation and network-connected standby consumption are the states with highest electricity consumption, consuming 73% and 17% of electricity in the year 2035 respectively. The other two investigated states: conventional standby and network-connected active consumed 6% and 4% respectively. Network-connected standby consumption is revealed to be the second most energy consumption mode due to standby mode of increasing smart devices labelled as being connected to the internet while on standby. Overall, the results indicate that the additional energy demand of network-connected devices and their upstream energy demand is relatively low. This reveals a large potential for smart devices to assist in achieving Germany's climate-neutrality target in the energy transition.
  • Publication
    Impact of model settings on the text-based Rao diversity index
    ( 2021)
    Zielinski, Andrea orcid-logo
    Topic models such as Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) have been proved to be effective tools to discover latent topics in text collections in a data-driven way. These topics can be further utilized to investigate academic disciplines in terms of interdisciplinarity by means of indicators that reflect the diversity of the scientific output. This study provides a systematic analysis of model parameters that affect the diversity scores which are computed directly from the output of the LDA model. We present an empirical study on a real data set, upon which we quantify the diversity of the research within several departments of Fraunhofer (FH) and Max Planck Society (MPG) by means of scientific abstracts published in Scopus between 2008 and 2018. Our experiments show that parameter variations, i.e. the choice of the number of topics, hyper-parameters, and size and balance of the underlying data used for training the model, have a strong effect on the LDA-based Rao metrics. In particular, we could observe sharp fluctuations of the Rao index when varying over the number of topics. Due to its instability, it might not be a useful indicator of interdisciplinary.
  • Publication
    Calibration of agent-based model using reinforcement learning
    ( 2021)
    Song, Bing
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    Xiong, Gang
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    Yu, Songmin orcid-logo
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    Ye, Peijun
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    Dong, Xisong
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    Lv, Yisheng
    In the research and application of Agent-Based Models (ABM), parameter calibration is an important content. Based on the existing state transfer equations that link the micro-parameters and macro-states of the multi-agent system, this paper further proposes to introduce Reinforcement Learning when calibrating the parameters. The state transfer of the agent after learning is used to calibrate the micro-parameters of ABM, and the interaction between each agent and multiple other agents is expressed as the parameters of the agent. The application case study of population migration demonstrates that our method can achieve high accuracy and low computational complexity.
  • Publication
    Policy networks and power relations: What determines the success of social innovation in energy within cities?
    ( 2021)
    Brunzema, Iska
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    Stadler, Maria orcid-logo
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    Brugger, Heike orcid-logo
    Our ability to keep global temperature rise well below 2.0° degrees Celsius will depend not only on technological innovations but also on new ways of thinking, organizing, and doing. These new ways can be understood as social innovations in energy (SIE). SIE can be found on the energy supply side (e.g. energy cooperatives), on the energy demand side (e.g. community-based electricity/heat-storing options) as well as spanning across these classically distinct sides (e.g. prosumaging). SIE have the potential to substantially decrease energy demand and increase citizen engagement as well as acceptance for the energy transition in general and necessary measures in particular. Cities differ quite substantially in their success to implement local measures for global challenges and SIE might play a crucial part therein. We argue that policy networks within cities might be crucial to explain some of these differences. We therefore study how patterns of coordination in policy networks promote or inhibit SIE. A combination of online surveys and qualitative interviews was used to collect network data and different forms of interaction in the exemplary case of the city of Mannheim (Germany). The networks were assessed quantitatively by means of social network analysis. This was supplemented by a qualitative content analysis of the interviews conducted. It was found that not many main players are clustered at the junction of social innovation and the energy system, where they encourage SIE. The focal players interact mainly on the basis of power and trust structures and not on the basis of similar beliefs in the field of SIE. This impedes the emergence of SIEs because they have the potential to affect relationships and network structures and are therefore only promoted in a controlled manner within a limited scope. This work lays an important foundation for future work in which the policy network analysis will be expanded in a comparative manner across six European cities.
  • Publication
    Policy measures in the German heating sector: A review-based framework to study policy acceptance
    ( 2021)
    Pröpper, Alexandra
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    Brugger, Heike orcid-logo
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    Eichhammer, Wolfgang orcid-logo
    The development of innovative heating technologies and, above all, their diffusion is essential to reach national climate change mitigation targets in the building sector. Research has shown that primary energy use and CO2 emissions could be greatly reduced by replacing conventional heating technologies with renewable energy heating systems such as heat pumps or solar-thermal heating. The acceleration of the development and diffusion of innovative heating technologies requires appropriate policy measures. Those policies need to be effective and feasible. This in turn, is dependent on the acceptance of the policy by (parts of) the general public. As the building sector is prone to lock-in effects, public opposition to policies might inhibit necessary adoptions of efficient technologies. This means that the dimension of socio-political acceptance needs to be included into policy design, next to considerations on economic efficiency, and climate compatibility. While social acceptance has already been studied with regard to heating technologies, less attention has been paid on the acceptance of policy measures that would foster their deployment. The aim of this study is to derive a conceptual framework to study policy acceptance, in particular for the heating sector. Therefore, we undergo four steps. First, we synthesize existing research on factors that influence policy acceptance towards innovative low-carbon technologies. Second, we review existing frameworks to study policy acceptance (for innovative technologies). Third, we propose a conceptual framework to study acceptance for policies in the heating sector. Finally, we review policies in the heating sector in Germany with a focus on policy characteristics that might influence policy acceptance.
  • Publication
    Interaction of energy storage technologies and synthetic fuels in long-term decarbonization scenarios
    ( 2021)
    Böttger, Diana
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    Kost, Christoph
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    Wrede, Daniel
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    Lux, Benjamin orcid-logo
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    Fleiter, Tobias orcid-logo
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    Pfluger, Benjamin
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    Heilig, Judith
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    Gerhardt, Norman
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    Haendel, Michael
    With the 2015 Paris Climate Agreement, the international community has reaffirmed its commitment to tackle anthropogenic climate change with the goal of limiting the global average temperature increase below 1.5 °C, but to a maximum of 2 °C above pre-industrial levels. Against this background, we examine scenarios for a complete decarbonisation of the European energy supply. Since such scenarios are based on a high expansion of weather-dependent renewable energy sources, the question arises, which flexible technologies are necessary to balance supply and demand in such energy systems. In this paper, a scenario analysis shows which capacity or volume of energy storage, power interconnectors and synthetic fuels are needed in decarbonization scenarios. To address this research question three different energy system models are applied. These models cover Europe and Germany, respectively, and are able to explain different results of the single models based of the corresponding model characteristics. The paper concludes that the power sector is able to cover a considerable share of the energy demand in the heat and transport sector with the help of flexible sector coupling technologies such as heat pumps and electric mobility. All considered models manage to find solutions for a deep decarbonization if flexibility and storage option are available.
  • Publication
    Preface. Privacy and Identity Management
    ( 2021)
    Friedewald, Michael orcid-logo
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    Krenn, Stephan
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    Schiffner, Stefan
  • Publication
    Kreislaufwirtschaft für die Dekarbonisierung des Bausektors - Modellierung ausgewählter Stoffströme und dazugehöriger THG-Emissionen
    ( 2021)
    Lotz, Meta Thurid orcid-logo
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    Herbst, Andrea
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    Rehfeldt, Matthias orcid-logo
    Vor dem Hintergrund steigender Materialbedarfe und fortschreitender Klimakrise gewinnt die Kreislaufwirtschaft für die Treibhausgasemissionsreduktion auch politisch an Bedeutung. Die Umsetzung solcher Maßnahmen ist insbesondere in Grundstoffindustrien relevant, da diesen ein Großteil der Treibhausgasemissionen zugeordnet werden kann und deren Dekarbonisierung besonders herausfordernd ist. Da die Auswirkungen von Kreislaufwirtschaftsmaßnahmen sich entlang der gesamten Wertschöpfungskette zeigen, ist die Betrachtung typischer Endverwendungsgüter und zugehöriger Grundstoffe zielführend. In diesem Beitrag werden die mengen- und emissionsmäßig relevanten Grundstoffe Stahl und Zement für den Einsatz im Bausektor untersucht. Es erfolgt die Quantifizierung der Materialflüsse in der Europäischen Union für das Jahr 2019 durch eine flussgetriebene Materialflussmodellierung und die Abschätzung der theoretischen Treibhausgasminderungspotentiale beispielhafter Kreislaufwirtschaftsmaßnahmen. Ziel der Betrachtung ist das Schaffen einer methodischen Grundlage für die spätere Entwicklung prospektiver Dekarbonisierungsszenarien. Erste Ergebnisse zeigen, dass während die Zementproduktion ausschließlich für Endverwendungsgüter im Bausektor verwendet wird, können dem Bausektor rund 45 Prozent der Stahlfertigerzeugnisse zugeordnet werden. Für letzteres werden hauptsächlich Langprodukte eingesetzt, die zu einem Großteil aus recyceltem Material hergestellt werden. Die zusätzliche Modellierung von Maßnahmen zur Materialeffizienzsteigerung und Materialsubstitution zeigt, dass die Materialflussmodellierung geeignet ist, um Kreislaufwirtschaftsmaßnahmen abzubilden und diese auch einen nicht vernachlässigbaren Beitrag zur Reduktion der industriellen Treibhausgasemissionen leisten können.