Now showing 1 - 5 of 5
  • Publication
    3D laser metal deposition: Process steps for additive manufacturing
    ( 2018)
    Graf, Benjamin
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    Marko, Angelina
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    Petrat, Torsten
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    Laser metal deposition (LMD) is an established technology for two-dimensional surface coatings. It offers high deposition rates, high material flexibility, and the possibility to deposit material on existing components. Due to these features, LMD has been increasingly applied for additive manufacturing of 3D structures in recent years. Compared to previous coating applications, additive manufacturing of 3D structures leads to new challenges regarding LMD process knowledge. In this paper, the process steps for LMD as additive manufacturing technology are described. The experiments are conducted using titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V and Inconel 718. Only the LMD nozzle is used to create a shielding gas atmosphere. This ensures the high geometric flexibility needed for additive manufacturing, although issues with the restricted size and quality of the shielding gas atmosphere arise. In the first step, the influence of process parameters on the geometric dimensions of single weld beads is analyzed based on design of experiments. In the second step, a 3D build-up strategy for cylindrical specimen with high dimensional accuracy is described. Process parameters, travel paths, and cooling periods between layers are adjusted. Tensile tests show that mechanical properties in the as-deposited condition are close to wrought material. As practical example, the fir-tree root profile of a turbine blade is manufactured. The feasibility of LMD as additive technology is evaluated based on this component.
  • Publication
    Porosity of LMD manufactured parts analyzed by Archmimedes method and CT
    ( 2018)
    Marko, Angelina
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    Raute, Julius
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    Linaschke, Dorit
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    Graf, Benjamin
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    Pores in additive manufactured metal parts occur due to different reasons and affect the part quality negatively. Few investigations on the origins of porosity are available, especially for Ni-based super alloys. This paper presents a new study to examine the influence of common processing parameters on the formation of pores in parts built by laser metal deposition using Inconel 718 powder. Further, a comparison between the computed tomography (CT) and the Archimedes method was made. The investigation shows that CT is able to identify different kinds of pores and to give further information about their distribution. The identification of some pores as well as their shape can be dependent on the parameter setting of the analysis tool. Due to limited measurement resolution, CT is not able to identify correctly pores with diameters smaller than 0.1 mm, which leads to a false decrease in overall porosity. The applied Archimedes method is unable to differentiate between gas porosity and other kinds of holes like internal cracks or lack of fusion, but it delivered a proper value for overall porosity. The method was able to provide suitable data for the statistical evaluation with design of experiments, which revealed significant parameters on the formation of pores in LMD.
  • Publication
    Finite element analysis of in-situ distortion and bulging for an arbitrarily curved additive manufacturing directed energy deposition geometry
    ( 2018) ;
    Marko, Angelina
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    Graf, Benjamin
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    With the recent rise in the demand for additive manufacturing (AM), the need for reliable simulation tools to support experimental efforts grows steadily. Computational welding mechanics approaches can simulate the AM processes but are generally not validated for AM-specific effects originating from multiple heating and cooling cycles. To increase confidence in the outcomes and to use numerical simulation reliably, the result quality needs to be validated against experiments for in-situ and post process cases. In this article, a validation is demonstrated for a structural thermomechanical simulation model on an arbitrarily curved Directed Energy Deposition (DED) part: at first, the validity of the heat input is ensured and subsequently, the model's predictive quality for in-situ deformation and the bulging behaviour is investigated. For the in-situ deformations, 3D-Digital Image Correlation measurements are conducted that quantify periodic expansion and shrinkage as they occur. The results show a strong dependency of the local stiffness of the surrounding geometry. The numerical simulation model is set up in accordance with the experiment and can reproduce the measured 3 dimensional in-situ displacements. Furthermore, the deformations due to removal from the substrate are quantified via 3D scanning, exhibiting considerable distortions due to stress relaxation. Finally, the prediction of the deformed shape is discussed in regards to bulging simulation: to improve the accuracy of the calculated final shape, a novel extension of the model relying on the modified stiffness of inactive upper layers is proposed and the experimentally observed bulging could be reproduced in the finite element model.
  • Publication
    Statistische Analyse der Schweißraupengeometrie von Ti6Al4V beim Laserbeschichten
    ( 2017)
    Marko, Angelina
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    Graf, Benjamin
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    Die Bedeutung des Laser-Pulver-Auftragsschweiß-Prozesses hat in den letzten Jahren enorm zugenommen, da er vielfältig eingesetzt werden kann. Ein Beispiel hierfür ist die Reparatur von Turbinenschaufeln. Um eine hohe Qualität und Zuverlässigkeit hierbei zu gewährleisten, ist eine Anpassung der Schweißraupengeometrie an die jeweilige Reparaturaufgabe notwendig. Die Schweißraupengeometrie beeinflusst die metallurgische Verbindung und den Grad der Aufmischung sowie eventuelle Anbindungsfehler. Aus diesem Grund ist es wichtig, die Effekte der unterschiedlichen Parameter auf die Spurgeometrie zu kennen. Ein bewährtes Werkzeug hierfür ist die statistische Versuchsplanung (DoE). Hierbei kann der Nutzer jedoch zwischen einer Vielzahl von Versuchsplänen wählen. Es wird davon ausgegangen, dass bei größeren Versuchsräumen ein höherer Informationsgewinn erfolgt. Aus diesem Grund wird in dieser Arbeit ein vollfaktorieller Versuchsplan, der in fünf Stufen variiert wird, mit einem zentral zusammengesetzten Versuchsplan (CCD) verglichen. Außerdem werden Grenzen des Prozesses aufgezeigt und der Versuchsraum entsprechend durch Eingrenzungen angepasst. Die Ergbnisse zeigen, dass sowohl der vollfaktorielle Versuchsplan als auch der zentral zusammengesetzte Versuchsplan die wichtigsten Effekte aufzeigt. Lediglich die Effektstärke kann durch den CCD-Versuchsplan nicht eindeutig bestimmt werden. Für den industriellen Einsatz wird daher unter Berücksichtigung der Kosteneffizienz der Einsatz eines CCD-Versuchsplanes empfohlen.
  • Publication
    Application of D-optimum experimental designs in consideration of restrictions for laser metal deposition
    ( 2017)
    Marko, Angelina
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    Graf, Benjamin
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    The process of laser metal deposition can be applied in many ways. Mostly, it is relevant to coating, for repair welding and for additive manufacturing. To increase the effectiveness and the productiveness, a good process understanding is necessary. Statistical test planning is effectual and often used for this purpose. For financial and temporal reasons, a restriction of the test space is reasonable. In this case, it is recommended to use a D-optimal experimental design which is practically applied to extend existing test plans or if process limits are known. This paper investigates the applicability of a D-optimum experimental design for the laser metal deposition. The results are compared to the current results of a full factorial test plan. Known restrictions are used for the limitation of the test space. Ti6Al4 is utilized as substrate material and powder. Comparable results of the D-optimal experimental design and of the full factorial test plan can be demonstrated. However, 80 % of time can be saved by the experimental procedure. For this reason, the application of D-optimal experimental design for laser metal deposition is recommend.