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2016
Journal Article
Titel
Considerations of environmentally relevant test conditions for improved evaluation of ecological hazards of engineered nanomaterials
Abstract
Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are increasingly entering the environment with uncertain consequences including potential ecological effects. Various research communities view differently whether ecotoxicological testing of ENMs should be conducted using environmentally relevant concentrations-where observing outcomes is difficult-versus higher ENM doses, where responses are observable. What exposure conditions are typically used in assessing ENM hazards to populations? What conditions are used to test ecosystem-scale hazards? What is known regarding actual ENMs in the environment, via measurements or modeling simulations? How should exposure conditions, ENM transformation, dose, and body burden be used in interpreting biological and computational findings for assessing risks? These questions were addressed in the context of this critical review. As a result, three main recommendations emerged. First, researchers should improve ecotoxicology of ENMs by choosing test end points, duration, and study conditions-including ENM test concentrations-that align with realistic exposure scenarios. Second, testing should proceed via tiers with iterative feedback that informs experiments at other levels of biological organization. Finally, environmental realism in ENM hazard assessments should involve greater coordination among ENM quantitative analysts, exposure modelers, and ecotoxicologists, across government, industry, and academia.
Author(s)
Holden, Patricia A.
Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology - UC CEIN - University of California - Los Angeles - United States
Gardea-Torresdey, Jorge L.
Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology - UC CEIN - University of California - Los Angeles - United States
Klaessig, Fred
Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology - UC CEIN - University of California - Los Angeles - United States
Turco, Ronald F.
College of Agriculture, Laboratory for Soil Microbiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana - United States
Mortimer, Monika
Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology - UC CEIN - University of California - Los Angeles - United States
Cohen Hubal, Elaine A.
Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park - North Carolina - United States
Avery, David
Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology - UC CEIN - University of California - Los Angeles - United States
Barceló, Damià
Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research - IDAEA-CSIC - Barcelona - Spain
Behra, Renata
Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology - Dübendorf - Switzerland
Cohen, Yoram
Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology - UC CEIN - University of California - Los Angeles - United States
Ferguson, P. Lee
Center for the Environmental Implications of NanoTechnology - CEINT - Duke University - North Carolina - United States
Herr Harthorn, Barbara
Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology - UC CEIN - University of California - Los Angeles - United States
Henderson, W. Matthew
Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens - Georgia - United States
Hristozov, Danail
Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca' Foscari of Venice - Italy
Johnston, John M.
Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens - Georgia - United States
Kane, Agnes B.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University - Providence - Rhode Island - United States
Keller, Arturo A.
Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology - UC CEIN - University of California - Los Angeles - United States
Lenihan, Hunter S.
Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology - UC CEIN - University of California - Los Angeles - United States
Murphy, Catherine J.
Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign - Urbana - Illinois - United States
Nisbet, Roger M.
Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology - UC CEIN - University of California - Los Angeles - United States
Petersen, Elijah J.
Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology - Gaithersburg - Maryland - United States
Westerhoff, Paul
School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University - Tempe - Arizona - United States
White, Jason C.
Department of Analytical Chemistry, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station - New Haven - Connecticut - United States
Wiesner, Mark R.
Center for the Environmental Implications of NanoTechnology - CEINT - Duke University - North Carolina - United States
Wong, Eva M.
Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency - Washington, D.C. - United States
Xing, Baoshan
Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts - Amherst - Massachusetts - United States
Steele Horan, Meghan
Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology - UC CEIN - University of California - Los Angeles - United States
Godwin, Hilary A.
Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology - UC CEIN - University of California - Los Angeles - United States